Suzuki Escudo DESTROYER Logbook Additional warmth in the cabin

Operating a car in regions with cold and long winters has its own characteristics. And one of them is pre-warming the vehicle. We present you a rating of the best interior heaters for 2022, it will help you make the right choice.

Expert's choice:

Model	Price
1.KOTO EFB 220 12V 901	up to 1000 rubles
2. Earl Electronic Heizlufter	up to 900 rubles
3. Alca 544200	up to 1800 rubles
4. Heat current v12	up to 1300 rubles
5. Webasto Air Top 2000 ST	up to 50,000 rubles

Mini rating

Why is additional heating needed?

When storing a car in open parking lots, the metal body of the car quickly cools down. The inside of the glass is covered with a thin layer of condensation, which later turns into an ice crust. Within a few hours of parking, almost all parts, including all rows of seats, reach ambient temperature.

Heating adjustment from the passenger compartment

In the morning, the driver tries to quickly bring a cold car to normal temperature, but for such a stressful state of the car, one heater will not be enough. Even if you start driving in a poorly warmed car, you can wait more than one hour for it to reach normal temperature conditions.

Frozen driver ineffectively controls the car

He is stressed and may lose attention and control of the road. This can lead to emergency situations

Method thirteen - well, this is absolutely for extreme sports enthusiasts!

If you often find yourself in situations where you have to fight the cold in the car (for example, you are a traveler), then you can take a regular wood stove with you on the road. If you don't believe me, look:

A real oven in the car

So how? Did you believe it? You can stock up on firewood or brushwood for free, for example, if your forced stop occurred in the forest or next to an old and dilapidated building with a lot of boards.

If your car stalls in winter, don’t despair. Armed with any of the heaters listed above and having studied all the tips described, you will not freeze and survive in harsh weather conditions. Even if you find yourself in a car at night, face to face with a cold and harsh winter, you can create all the conditions in the cabin that are similar to the comfort of home. So, don't worry, motorists!

How to properly warm up the interior

Suzuki Escudo blue tank Logbook Power steering J20A H20A
Surprisingly, even experienced drivers do not always know how to use the stove correctly. Many manufacturers describe the procedure in detail in their operating instructions:

1. Start the car and let the engine warm up.
2. Select cabin recirculation mode. This may require pressing a button that will command the servo to close the external air intake curtains. In simpler trim levels, this function is performed by a lever on the dashboard, with which the driver blocks the access of cold air inside the cabin.
3. Set the temperature control to the maximum heat setting. Thus, you completely open access to the coolant to the heat exchanger of the heating system.
4. Turn on the stove fan at low speed. The warming up engine will soon begin to supply the radiator with warm antifreeze.
5. As the engine temperature rises, you need to increase the fan speed. If the windows are frozen or fogged up, then you need to direct a stream of warm air onto them by selecting the appropriate position of the dampers.
6. After the glass has thawed, you can choose a different direction for the hot air stream, more comfortable for the driver and passengers.
7. When the interior has warmed up to the optimal temperature, it is necessary to turn off the recirculation mode, thus opening the access of fresh air inside the car.

Car heating

Installing an additional pump

Hyundai Accent silver Logbook Replacing the heater fan

The main negative quality of the basic heating element of the VAZ-2109 is its low efficiency at idle speed. This problem can be solved by installing an additional pump (additional pump) in the cooling system.

Purpose

By installing an additional pump 09, you can increase the efficiency of the stove at idle speed. The base heater blows warm air at idle, and hot air only when driving. This means that fluid circulation in the engine cooling system is poor. Installing an additional pump makes the coolant move much faster, including at idle, therefore, during a stop, hot air will blow from the stove, and not warm as before.

Which additional pump is better to choose?

The most common and proven options are additional pumps from GAZelle or Bosch. These elements do not have any problems with leakage.

Installation of an additional pump from a GAZelle on a VAZ-2109

You will need:

• Pump for GAZelle
• Relay. You can take a relay with normally open contacts 2105, 2108 - starter or ignition relay and bridge contacts 30 and 86.
• Reinforced hose.
• Cooling.
• Several clamps.

Progress

• Wait for the antifreeze to cool completely and drain it.
• Unscrew the 4 top screws on the pump, where the impeller is located, and coat the rubber gasket with sealant.
• Secure the pump to the studs near the battery.
• Disconnect the coolant wire hose to the heater from the outlet pipe of the cylinder head and connect it to the horizontal pipe of the pump.
• Connect the hose of the connected S-shaped hoses (located in the cabin between the tap and the radiator) to the vertical branch pipe.
• Connect the second end to the head of the block, in the previously removed place of the base one.
• Pull all the clamps and do not forget to tighten the drain plug in the block.
• Fill the coolant to the maximum and check for leaks.
• If necessary, tighten the clamps.
• After running the engine for half an hour, bring the antifreeze level to normal.

Scheme for installing an additional pump in a car's cooling system.
Installing an additional pump from a GAZelle is very popular among VAZ owners, as it has only positive aspects. The car will be properly heated even at idle speed, and the price of the issue is about 2000 rubles. depending on the price of the purchased part.

Electric heaters made of wire and spiral: diagram and principle of operation

Tuning the interior of a VAZ 2114 with your own hands

It’s even easier to assemble a heater from nichrome wire with your own hands. For work you will need materials:

• fiberglass 50*50 cm;
• 24 meters of nichrome wire Ø 0.3 mm;
• epoxy glue 150 g.

The manufacturing principle is as follows: the surface of a square panel made of fiberglass is evenly covered with nichrome wire, the ends of which are brought out to the current supply elements. Then the entire area is filled with epoxy glue and covered with a second textolite panel. After the glue hardens, the finished “sandwich” is connected to a power source and can be used to heat the garage.

Step by step assembly. For fiberglass panels, the inner and outer faces are determined, the inner faces are sanded with sandpaper and cleaned.

The Buleryan stove consumes very little fuel

On the bottom sheet, on the inside, the location of the wire is marked: it is not necessary to accurately calculate the length of the spiral on each turn, but it must be taken into account that all 24 meters must fit on a square panel of 50 * 50 cm. The wire should not reach the edges of the panel 2-3 cm along the entire perimeter, the distance between the turns is 8–15 mm.

Holes are drilled on the sides into which nails or matches are inserted. Wire is wound around them, and every five turns it is secured with paper strips with glue. After winding and securing the wire, the matches (nails) are removed.

Holes are drilled in the panel for the wires to exit and metal rivets are inserted into them, around which the ends of the wire are wrapped.

Epoxy glue is evenly applied along the turns and covered with a second fiberglass panel.

You can check the functionality of the device immediately, and then leave it for a day under a load to dry completely.

Heating with a spiral. You can make a garage heater using an asbestos pipe and an old nichrome spiral from a broken heating device. A spiral heater made from an asbestos pipe equipped with a fan is popularly known as a “wind blower.” For production you will need:

asbestos pipe cylinder; heating coil, divided into 6 equal pieces

It is important not to cut the element, as it burns out at the joints; fan; a box made of non-conducting material; a switch selected according to power so that the heater coil does not melt.. A nichrome spiral is placed inside the asbestos pipe, divided into 6 equal pieces

You need to calculate the spiral in equal sections, arrange it lengthwise and crosswise, and secure it to the pipe. The entrance and exit from the pipe are fenced with a protective metal mesh. Disadvantages of this type of devices:

A nichrome spiral is placed inside the asbestos pipe, divided into 6 equal pieces. You need to calculate the spiral in equal sections, arrange it lengthwise and crosswise, and secure it to the pipe. The entrance and exit from the pipe are fenced with a protective metal mesh. Disadvantages of this type of devices:

• asbestos dust is harmful to inhale;
• the spiral inside is open, dust burns on it and an odor appears;
• the fan is noisy.

The advantage is that it heats up a considerable area in a short period of time, as it actively blows out heat. The power of such a device is 1.6 kW.

WATCH THE VIDEO

Every car enthusiast can make a heating element with his own hands. If you follow safety precautions, the device will be a help in the garage during the cold period. You can always make a garage heater yourself, this will save your budget.

How to make a car heater with your own hands and power it from the cigarette lighter: instructions

The operating principle of fan heaters is based on the formation of a heat flow by blowing a heated body. The air flow is generated by a fan, and a ceramic heating element acts as a heat source. Previously, there were models with tubular electric heaters and nichrome spirals.

Selection of components

You can create additional heating for the car interior in winter using improvised means. One of the simple schemes includes components available to any inventor:

• IP65 electrical junction box which serves as housing.
• Nichrome spiral for a household electric oven, acting as a heating element.
• Two axial fans.
• Two terminal blocks for fastening sections of spirals and tying them with connecting wires.
• Wire with a cross-section of at least 2.5 mm2.
• Cigarette lighter connector.
• Switch button.

Spiral

When choosing a ferronichrome spiral element, you must be guided by its cross-section. It is not recommended to choose products with a diameter of more than 0.6 mm. The optimal diametrical characteristic is 0.6 mm - and can be easily found on sale, and the connection diagram is simple. We will adhere to this advice when designing the electrical part.

For your information. You can take a nichrome spiral from a toaster, microwave or convection oven by measuring its diameter and adjusting the design of the device.

Cooler

Small fans can handle the heat dissipation function. The specific size depends on the dimensions of the junction box. For example, for a box 88x88x60, two coolers 30x30x15 are suitable. Of course, the electric motor must be designed for 12 Volts.

Manufacturing

When creating a heater circuit for a car with your own hands, powered from a cigarette lighter, it is important to understand that its electrical resistance depends on the length of the section of the nichrome spiral, which affects the amount of current consumed and, as a result, the amount of heat emitted. The larger the length and cross-section, the lower the resistance of the conductor and the greater the power of the installation.

Additional heater VAZ 2110

Although the additional heater is intended for northern regions, when the standard stove simply cannot cope, residents of the middle zone also install it. Usually these are very heat-loving individuals, or those who believe that it is easier to install an additional heater in the cabin than to deal with the problems of the standard heater..

In this article, I want to touch on interior heaters, which fit into the standard Engine Cooling System (ECS) and, using a built-in electric fan, distribute hot air throughout the vehicle's interior.

You can buy an additional heater for the VAZ 2110 either in the store or try to make it yourself:

Additional stove for the VAZ 2110 interior

There are many options for ready-made additional heaters, from the smallest to quite large ones, and all of them could be suitable for dozens, if not for the size.

For reference, dimensions under the passenger seat of a VAZ 2110:

• Width 33cm
• Height 20cm
• Depth 25cm

Indeed, there is not much space in the top ten for installing an additional stove:

1. Between the seats (instead of a tunnel)
2. Under the front seats (preferably under the passenger seat)

Therefore, the choice of autonomous heaters comes down to a list of compact models.

For example, such models include an additional heater from TechnoMaster (Tolyatti) (code 8110.0500.10 and 8110.0700.10)

The price of the additional heater TechnoMaster is from 2500 rubles. Price list. Or additional heaters Helios, Xeros and Zenith from Eberspächer.

The price of additional stoves Helios, Xeros and Zenit is from 3000 rubles. Price list.

When choosing an additional heater, carefully read the characteristics and dimensions of the additional stove.

Installation of an additional heater in a VAZ 2110

Installation of an additional stove can be divided into stages:

1. The heater itself is mounted under the front passenger seat
2. Depressurize the SOD
3. Connect the durite hoses of the new stove into the SOD section (they should not touch the exhaust pipe of the muffler and steering elements)
4. Drill two holes with a diameter of 19 mm in the engine shield for the heater pipes.
5. Route the heater pipes in the cabin under the floor upholstery
6. Remove the pipes from under the floor covering near the passenger seat frame
7. Secure the pipes with clamps to the auxiliary heater.
8. Pour about two liters of coolant (coolant) into the expansion tank
9. Remove air pockets from SOD
10. Installing an optional additional heater button on the car panel

The additional heater uses the coolant flow forced by the standard pump. For more productive operation of the stove, you can install an additional coolant pump.

Installing an additional heater in a car will take no more than 4 hours.

Advantages of an additional heater in the car interior

1. The cabin warms up to a comfortable temperature approximately 2 times faster (the area near the rear passengers' feet will now be constantly warm)
2. The heater does not spoil the appearance of the interior (you can see a little under the seat and does not interfere with your legs)

Disadvantages of an additional heater in the car interior

1. The coolant warms up more slowly due to the increase in the heat capacity of the SOD
2. Additional characteristic noise of the additional heater in the cabin
3. The automatic mode of the ACS controller will not work correctly, because The interior temperature sensor will be in the heating zone of the additional heater
4. Dust rises from the floor from the air flow of the additional heater
5. In the summer, hot hoses under the floor covering will heat up the interior (although you can install a faucet in the engine compartment when “inserting” it into the SOD; no faucet is included)
6. If there is no adjustment of the heater speed or heat dissipation to the side, then one part of the cabin becomes very hot, which will not be very pleasant for the passenger sitting in this position

Do-it-yourself additional stove for a car

If you have an old heater radiator from a car lying around in your garage, you can assemble an additional heater with your own hands.

Examples of such self-assembled heaters:

1. DutSun 100 radiator and motor from the Barguzin stove, all in a plywood case
2. Heater radiator and snail VAZ 2108
3. Stove Moskvich 2141, cut off the excess and leave the engine and radiator, mode switch from VAZ 2108

Catalytic mini heater

What other ways are there to keep warm inside a car? For example, there are very convenient mini-heaters that will help warm your hands. They are also produced by Kovea. They are very economical and safe and in such catalytic burners heating occurs without flame.

Video about how a catalytic mini-heater works:

The Zippo flameless hand warmer has also proven itself quite well. It is the size of a large lighter from the same company, but it heats well. Interestingly, it was also used by soldiers in the First World War to avoid freezing in the trenches.

Types of additional heating device

If the owner of a Russian vehicle is thinking about how to install an additional heater on a VAZ-2110, then, first of all, he should know that the practical majority of currently existing designs fit directly into the standard cooling system of the power unit. The heated air flow is distributed throughout the cabin by a built-in electric fan.

An additional stove for the interior of the VAZ-2110 can be purchased at the store, however, in order to save money, such a unit can be made with your own hands. In fact, car dealerships sell completely different types of additional heaters. Depending on the budget and preferences of the motorist, you can choose both small and fairly large designs. True, not all presented models can be placed in the top ten without compromising passenger comfort. Online casino clients can use virtual money. We are talking about comp points - special coins that are issued for replenishing a deposit. Gradually, a joint amount of funds accumulates on the user’s profile. Thanks to reviews of the Argo casino, you can be sure that the visitor at the cash desk exchanges points for real rubles. The rate depends on the status and rating of the player’s account. With several hundred coins you can get a similar real amount. This money can be withdrawn to a card or spent on bets. The player can get a chance to win back and win for free, but not make new deposits. There is not much free space in a domestically produced car, so when choosing a unit, you should first decide on the location of its future installation.

If the car owner decides to install an additional heater under the passenger seat, then the purchased device should not be wider than 33 cm, higher than 20 cm and have a depth not exceeding 25 cm.

If you choose the optimal location for an additional heater, you should stop in the area of ​​the car located between the seats (the unit will take the place of the tunnel), or directly under the front passenger seat.

In view of all the above conditions, the homemade additional heater VAZ-2110 must be an autonomous compact unit. Among the most popular models, it is worth noting the products of the TechnoMaster company, produced in Tolyatti. The cost of such a device ranges from 2500–3000 rubles. The products Helios, Xeros and Zenith, owned by the Eberspächer company, are of good quality. Their cost may be only a few hundred higher than the previously indicated models.

If the car owner decides not to waste time and not to upgrade the standard VAZ-2110 stove, but to place a new additional device in the cabin, when choosing a design, you should carefully study the characteristics and dimensions of the additional device.

Introduction

A homemade additional heater VAZ-2110 can heat the interior of a domestic vehicle even in the most severe frosts. In the article below, we will consider all the existing heating units that can be installed in the tenth VAZ model as an additional heating device, we will learn about all the advantages and significant disadvantages of this type of insulation. Let's give an example of creating a heater with your own hands.

It is worth noting that the installation of an additional stove on the VAZ-2110 is most often required by those motorists who operate the product of the Volzhsky plant in the harsh conditions of the northern regions. It is in these areas that the power of a standard heater is not enough. However, for the sake of truth, it is worth noting the fact that even residents of the middle zone periodically supplement the standard stove. Among such motorists, most often there are heat-loving people and those who do not want to spend a lot of time, effort and money on making a standard stove more powerful and productive by subjecting the unit to a complete modernization.

Let's not warm ourselves in the cold

The harm to the body from carbon monoxide (CO) is beyond doubt even among the most ardent skeptics. Even a very low concentration of CO in the air - about 1% - can be fatal. The fact is that the combination of carbon monoxide with hemoglobin in the blood blocks the supply of oxygen to the cells of the brain and spinal cord. Oxygen starvation occurs, that is, suffocation, which leads to death. Poisoning occurs unnoticed - the increased concentration of CO in the blood causes drowsiness and the person, having warmed up in the warmth, falls asleep, risking not waking up. However, it is not at all necessary to sleep: by inhaling poisoned air for a long time, you can simply lose consciousness, and the ability to save yourself in this case, alas, falls catastrophically.

Let us remind you once again that the danger of fatal poisoning is especially high if you decide to warm up in the winter or autumn cold by turning on the stove and engine in a confined space - for example, in a closed garage (everyone most likely knows about this, since this situation has happened many times played out in detective series and films). However, not everyone knows that the risk of CO poisoning also exists when warming up in a car parked on the street. It is enough to choose a quiet, low place for parking, closed on several sides (by dense vegetation or the walls of buildings). In calm weather, the possibility of exhaust gases entering the interior of your car increases significantly - and it won’t be long before you get poisoned. This is especially true for those who like to have winter “dates in the car” - they put the car in a secluded place, turn up the heat, melodious music flows from the radio, a pleasant companion is nearby... And the result of such get-togethers can be the most disastrous. And it’s good if it only ends with a severe headache and nausea.

Installation

Considering the internal design features of the VAZ-2106, you can install an additional stove in it in two places:

• between the front seats;
• under the passenger seat.

The size of the available free space should be taken into account when choosing an auxiliary heating device

The process of installing an additional radiator involves the following steps.

1. The heater is installed directly under the front seat. Some people put it under the driver's side, but it's better to do it on the passenger side. The saddle itself must first be removed or moved as far back as possible.
2. The engine cooling system needs to be depressurized, take durite hoses from the new stove and connect them to the cooling system. Make sure they do not touch the exhaust pipe or the controls.
3. You will have to make a couple of holes in the motor shield, about 19 mm in diameter. The heater pipes will pass through them.
4. The auxiliary heater pipes themselves are laid under the upholstery. On top it will look extremely unsightly.
5. The pipes come out of the upholstery near the front passenger seat.
6. It is better to fix the pipes on the additional stove. Use regular, good quality clamps.
7. Approximately 1.5–2 liters of antifreeze are poured into the expansion tank.
8. Air locks are likely to form in the cooling system, so they should be eliminated first.
9. If you wish, install an additional button on the panel of your VAZ-2106, which will be used to control the auxiliary heating device.
10. There may be some problems with coolant injection. Experienced fans of modifying domestic classics advise immediately installing an additional pump. This way the stove will work more productively.

Advantages and disadvantages

Before you start work, which will take approximately 4–5 hours, you should weigh the pros and cons. In fact, installing an auxiliary heater is not such a good solution. It has its obvious shortcomings. The advantages include:

• warming up the interior to comfortable levels will occur approximately twice as fast;
• the rear passengers' feet will always be warm;
• the location of the system will not negatively affect the external aspects of the VAZ-2106.

There are more shortcomings, in our opinion.

1. The coolant will take longer to warm up because the heat capacity of the engine cooling system will increase.
2. The additional unit creates noise inside the cabin.
3. The parameters specified on the controller may not correspond to real ones.
4. Air currents from heating equipment can lift dust from the floor and take away useful space under the seats for some.
5. In the absence of speed controllers and heat dissipation, heating will occur to a greater extent on one side of the cabin. Because someone will be uncomfortable in certain situations.

Do you think an auxiliary stove can really solve the problem of a standard heating system? Leave your comments, share your opinion and tell us what you did to ensure the required level of comfort in the VAZ-2106 cabin.

Installation of equipment

Installation of an additional stove in the cabin occurs in several stages:

• Preparing the installation site . Most often, given the rather large dimensions of the device (depending on the power, respectively, the more powerful the larger in size) it fits into some niche. Since passenger vehicles are often provided with free space in the cabin, this place most often turns out to be the space under the seat. This arrangement allows, in addition to saving space in the cabin, to effectively distribute air flow and effectively heat the space; Then you need to lay pipes from the device to the standard ventilation system (connect one to the factory pump and the other from the cylinder head);
• Power supply in budget options is most often provided through a standard system (from the cigarette lighter) . This ensures production savings, since products powered from an inverter or from a fixed network must have a different device with additional elements, and accordingly the cost of the entire device will be higher.

In the video there is an additional heater in the car interior from the cigarette lighter:

Manufacturers

The most popular manufacturers among domestic car enthusiasts are:

• Lifei is a Chinese manufacturer of automotive components. It gained popularity due to its favorable price. Small units can be purchased for between 1500-2000 rubles, which is significantly cheaper than their closest competitors. However, the disadvantage of the manufacturer is the unstable quality inherent in all budget manufacturers, while all installation work can be done with your own hands.
• Webasto is one of the market leaders producing equipment for heating cars. It is distinguished by consistently high quality and the same high cost. Units from this company are characterized by high endurance (on average they can last for 7-8 years);
• KRC is an automotive components company. It has been present on the market not long ago and is fighting against competitors by balancing attractive prices and fairly high quality products. According to the developer, the service life of the product is about 4-5 years.

Total

Supplementing the standard interior heating in winter with a homemade car fan heater is one of the simple solutions. It is easier to implement than installing heated seats on a low-spec Lada Granta. The importance of a heating installation in creating an internal microclimate is exclusively auxiliary due to the low efficiency of such heating. The advantage over store-bought options is reliability, lower cost, and maintainability.

The product is assembled from nichrome spirals with a diameter of 0.6 mm, fans, terminal blocks, wires, a cigarette lighter connector and a button. Most of the elements fit into the case. Power is supplied from the cigarette socket. Current load – no more than 15 A. Effective power – about 150 W.

An alternative solution is to make a car heater from a hair dryer. The product’s motor is designed for 12 V. The heating elements will have to be cut into several sections and connected in parallel, having previously measured the current strength. The hair dryer should be connected exclusively via a relay.

Car interior air heater

Is a leader in choosing professional drivers. The cost of purchasing and installing an autonomous air heater is approximately half the cost of fuel used to warm up the interior during a year of operation of the tractor.

The structure and design of the air-powered autonomous interior heater is, in general terms, similar to a primitive starting heater. Unlike the latter, an autonomous heater uses air for heating and is installed directly in the cabin or interior of the car.

The heat generated by the combustion of a small amount of fuel in the combustion chamber is transferred through an aluminum heat exchanger to the air flow forced by a low-noise fan into the cabin. Combustion products are discharged through a metal heat-resistant hose outside the cabin. The fuel is stored in a tank, usually located on the rear wall of the tractor cab. A control panel and an air intake regulator are installed in the cabin. On average, an autonomous device consumes 200 ml of fuel per hour with a battery load of 40-50 W. Thermal power ranges from 2 to 7 kW/h.

Modern long-haul trucks and heavy construction equipment are equipped with a 24-volt diesel autonomous interior heater, which is due to the characteristics of the fuel used and the voltage of the on-board network. American tractors use the power supply voltage of passenger vehicles, so an autonomous 12-volt diesel interior heater is installed.

The most respected and respected diesel car interior heaters are Airtronic (Eberspacher) and Air Top ST (Webasto). German quality, trouble-free operation and convenient operation correspond to high product prices. Among the advantages of branded autonomous heaters:

• high build quality;
• availability of programmable operating modes;
• possibility of launching at a distance from the car of more than 1000 m.

Among the Russian models, it is worth mentioning Samara’s own development - the autonomous cabin heater Planar. At a low cost, it is unpretentious and reliable. It uses diesel fuel and is controlled manually from a remote control inside the car. The Planar-4D heater model, consuming 0.12-0.4 liters of diesel per hour, is capable of heating the interior of a bus with 30 seats.

Table: technical characteristics of Webasto Air Top 2000 ST

Permissible fuel supply height H (m)	1-2
Permissible fuel suction height S (m)	1
Maximum permissible excess pressure in the fuel line (bar)	0,03-0,11
Maximum permissible vacuum in the fuel tank (bar)	-0,02
Voltage, V	12 for petrol, 12/24 for diesel units
Fuel	petrol/diesel
Heating power, kW	2
Power consumption, W	14 — 29
Fuel consumption, l/hour	0,14 — 0,27; 0,12 — 0,24
Max. volume of supplied air, m3/h	78
Weight, kg	2,6
Dimensions, mm	311 x 120 x 121

Sources

• https://AutoTopik.ru/obuchenie/949-avtonomnye-otopiteli-salona.html
• https://SwapMotor.ru/instrument-i-oborudovanie/avtonomnyy-otopitel-salona.html

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